This paper will discuss the Four Geographic Traditions in geographic thinking as defined by William D. Pattison. After briefly describing the four traditions, choose one tradition you feel to be the most significant and describe in detail why you feel this is important, backing up your ideas with at least three sources, one of which can be your textbook.

Page Requirements: 5 pages for content, and a reference page
Writing Style: Your choice of APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
Sources: at least three sources (websites, and you may use your text as one source).
Font: Times New Roman, or Calibri, 12 point font
Page Layout: one inch margins, double spacing, and do not double space student ID information.
Format: Word document, .rtf or .doc.

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You will write a scientific report on ONE of the following:
Option 1) an astronomical object (such as a: planet, comet, star, galaxy, dead star, etc.) or
Option 2) a recent technological item used for astronomical purposes.

Sections in your Report
Option 1) Astronomical Object
If your chosen topic will be an astronomical object, then break your report down into the following sections using these exact headings:
I. Introduction – Introduce your object briefly and creatively. Do not summarize what you will discuss.
II. History – Was the object discovered by a particular person(s)? If so, When? How? Is this object difficult to observe? Why?
III. Known Features and Characteristics – What are some interesting aspects about your chosen object? Rather than listing facts, discuss how these features and characteristics originated.
IV. Unanswered Questions – What are some important details not yet known about the object? Why is it that we don’t know the answers to these questions?
V. Conclusion – Don’t summarize your report; just bring your topic to a close as creatively as you can.
Option 2) Technological Item used in Astronomy
If your chosen topic will be a recent (created within the last 100 years) item of technology, then break your report down into the following sections using these exact headings:
NOTE:
I. Introduction – Introduce your technological item briefly and creatively. Do not summarize what you will discuss.
II. Objective – What was/is the purpose of the item of technology? What will/did it achieve? Why is this important to know?
III. Construction – Generally describe how the technological item was built/functions, along with its cost. What scientific instruments does it contain? What challenges were needed to be overcome? Did it work as planned? How long is it intended to operate?
IV. Breakthroughs – Did the technological item reveal any breakthroughs?
V. Conclusion – Don’t summarize your report here; just bring your discussion about the technological item to a close as creatively as you can.
The report will be submitted in D2L as a PDF document any time before the due date. It will be between 1200 – 1500 words long (excluding the References page). For every 100 words over the 1500 word limit, 1 mark (out of 20) will be deducted. For every 20 words under the 1200 word limit, 1 mark (out of 20) will be deducted.
Things to Also Include With Your Report:
Your NAME and Student ID Number
You MUST show your Full Name and your Student ID Number at the top of your Report. Ideally
these should also appear in a header at the top of every other page.
Title
Include a title for your report indicating what it is that you will be discussing. You do not need a title
page.
Referencing
References can be from any acceptable sources. The following are some recommended sources (with the
best ones listed first):
Astronomical Journal (AJ), Astrophysical Journal (ApJ), Publications of the Astronomical Society of
the Pacific (PASP), Nature, Science, American Institute for the Advancement of Science (AAAS),
Scientific American, Sky & Telescope, National Geographic, Discover, Smithsonian.
Do NOT use the class notes, class textbook, Wikipedia, or any other websites ending with *pedia.
Ensure that any source you use from the internet is reliable.
Scientific Referencing is required in AIP (American Institute of Physics) style, whereby ONLY integers are
used in the Report text: a superscript number matching the reference list number. See this example
link for how to reference in your report: https://physics.gac.edu/~huber/misc/aiprefs.htm.
The reference list is at the end of your report and you must have at least three different properlypresented
sources/references/citations.
Turnitin will automatically scan your report once you upload to D2L. Avoid quotes and ensure you write
in your own words. Extensive paraphrasing is NOT acceptable. The Turnitin percentage match must be
less than 35%.
Evaluation
The following Rubric Guidelines will be used to evaluate your specific report.
Option 1) Astronomical Object Option 2) Item of Technology Marks
Introduction Introduction /1
History Objective /4
Known Features and Characteristics Construction /5
Unanswered Questions Breakthroughs /5
Conclusion Conclusion /1
Writing (Grammar, Style, Overall
Quality)
Writing (Grammar, Style, Overall
Quality)
/3
Citations and References Citations and References /1
Total:
Total:
/20

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Final Exam

In your Final Essay Examination, you must address five (5) of the following six (6) essay topics. Each essay should be approximately 500 words (2 pages, double-spaced). You should properly cite all of your sources in APA or Chicago/Turabian format, including textbooks and any other sources you may use.

1. How did leaders like Booker T. Washington, Ida B. Wells and W.E.B DuBois shape African American thought at the turn of the century? Compare and contrast their backgrounds and perspectives.
2. Use this digital interactive(Links to an external site.) as a source to draw conclusions about the impact of the Great Migration of the early to mid-20^th century on African American communities. Why did African Americans leave the South, where did they settle, and why?
   • Source: Gregory, J.N. (2015). America’s great migrations(Links to an external site.). In Mapping American social movements through the 20th century. Retrieved from: http://depts.washington.edu/moving1/ma_black_migration.shtml
3. Explain the concept of the “Double V” campaign during World War II. How did it represent African American perspectives on and experiences in the war and the home front?
4. There were many active organizations in the Civil Rights era with a common commitment to advocating for change, but with differing goals and methods. Compare and contrast the goals, membership, and tactics of the following groups in the 1960s: NAACP, SNCC, and SCLC.
5. Examine the rise of the Black Feminist movement in the 1970s. How did the movement intersect with Black Power and white-dominated feminist groups? How did it impact African American women’s lives in the 1970s and 1980s?
6. What do you think were the 3 most significant issues impacting the African American community at the end of the 20^thcentury and start of the 21^st century (1980s-2000s) and why?

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Moon Project
Purpose:
To apply the full scientific process model through independent experiential learning in the moon observing project, from prediction, to discovery of true lunar motion through systematic observations of the moon in the sky, to analysis of collected data, and final formulation of the theory of lunar motion to successfully explain the observed effects.
Tasks in this Project:
• Part 1: Make a Prediction (‘Hunch Quiz’)
• Part 2: Plan the Experiment
• Part 3: Observe the Moon
• Part 4: Record the Observations
• Part 5: Answer the Questions
Important Dates:
Dates
Hunch Quiz Period
June 14-21
Moon-Observing Period
June 22 – July 18
Final Project Deadline July 19, 2020
What to Submit in Moodle (in the lesson module corresponding to your due-date):
• Hunch Quiz: quiz in Moodle
• Project Files to be uploaded in Moodle:
• Two photo landscapes, with a sequence of 4 Moon observations on each landscape, are to be scanned, and uploaded online. (files should be named LandscapeTTN and LandscapeNTN);
• Four original photos of the moon in the observer’s own landscape, 2 for each observing sequence (TTN and NTN) (files should be name PhotoTTN1, PhotoTTN2, PhotoNTN1, PhotoNTN2)
• Two observing logs, typed (in Word) or hand-written/scanned, and uploaded online. (files should be named LogTTN and LogNTN each)
• Typed Responses, completed in Word and uploaded online. (files should be named QuestionsTTN, QuestionsNTN, QuestionsConclusion)
IMPORTANT NOTE: project files should be submitted ONLY in the proper submission link in MOODLE, and NOT by email. Emailed projects will NOT be accepted for grading.
Moon Project NATS 1740: Astronomy
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Part 1: Make a Prediction
Making predictions on the natural phenomena being studied – moon motion in this project
– is an important first step of the scientific process. Make sure to complete this prediction
BEFORE starting your real observations of the moon, based on your own current
knowledge of, or best-guesses, motion of the moon, before starting any further research into
this topic. (Note: this quiz will be evaluated on completion-basis only; no need to worry about ‘getting it
right’.)
Consider the hypothetical landscape shown at right, along
with a hypothetical moon shape and position in the sky.
5 Questions to be answered in this Hunch Quiz online:
Changes in the SHAPE of the Moon (multiple-choice):
• What do you think the shape of the moon would have been like 2 days before the moon phase
shown in the main diagram, observed at the same time of night?
• What do you think the shape of the moon would have been like 2 days after the moon phase
shown in the main diagram, observed at the same time of night?
Changes in the POSITION of the Moon (multiple-choice):
• Where do you think the position of the moon would have been if it were observed 2 days before
the moon shown in the main diagram?
• Where do you think the position of the moon would have been if it were observed 2 days after
the moon shown in the main diagram?
Explanation (short-answer):
Briefly explain your reasoning for choosing your answers in the previous 4 questions.
Moon Project NATS 1740: Astronomy
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Part 2: Plan the Experiment
This project will depend not only on you doing your work, but also on two other variables outside of your control: weather, and phases of the Moon. For these reasons, it will be CRITICAL for you to plan your observing sessions ahead, and to take advantage of every single clear night/morning/day available for observations, as soon as possible.
You will make two sequences of observations, called through-the-night (TTN) and night-to-night (NTN), recorded on two separate landscape pictures and described in two separate observing logs.
What you will need:
• Location to observe the moon from, which you can come back to for all of your observations. (Home, work, school – anywhere!) Observations must be done from the same observing site, within each whole sequence (TTN, NTN). Note that you can complete TTN and NTN sequences from two different observing locations.
• Schedule your time such that you can see the moon from the same location at the same time over several nights (or mornings or days, depending on the current phase of the Moon), to complete your night-to-night observing sequence.
• Photographic landscape, with you included in this photo-landscape, taken during the day.
• Accurately labeled directions (east-south-west) on your photographic landscape, to faithfully represent the local directions at your observing site, for each observing sequence. You can use a compass to map the local directions, or study maps of your local address to figure out which way is east-west, south-north.
• Measuring tool to estimate, as accurately as possible, the change in position of the Moon. A variety of tools – with different degrees of accuracy – can be used, such as the human finger and hand at extended arm’s length (see textbook), ruler at extended arm’s length, compass, etc.
• Knowledge of times when the Moon will be ‘up’ (above horizon) during the different parts of the current lunar cycle, so that your observations can be made successfully (provided that the weather is clear enough to see the Moon.) I will provide suggested ‘best observing times’ for moon observations for each week, in the general ‘Moon Project’ discussion folder.
Time-management tip:
Remember that a single moon observation takes no more than a few minutes to complete, so do not delay making observations until ‘later, when you have more time’… take advantage of each clear night/morning/afternoon as early as possible! The rest of the project requires observations to be completed first, so this should be your first priority as soon as the project is released. (Clear nights/mornings/afternoons can be hard to come by sometimes!)
Project-planning and time-management are transferrable skills already embedded in this project!
Moon Project NATS 1740: Astronomy
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LANDSCAPE CREATION
APPROXIMATE DIRECTIONS:
The diagram above shows a hypothetical horizon with cardinal directions labeled only approximately,
to represent a curved, 3-dimensional space around us (the domed sky) as projected onto a flat 2-
dimensional picture. Your observations will be set on a photographic landscape with similar compass
directions as this guide, but matching your individual local observing site more precisely.
Accurately-labelled directions are critical for an accurately-presented project!
SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS (on a sample landscape):
Your landscape must include:
• proper cardinal directions (east-south-west) accurately matched to your location, and landscape
features (buildings, trees, power lines, hills, and any other landmarks that will help you locate the
Moon on your diagram)
• yourself in the landscape photo, with your back to the landscape, facing the camera, as verification
of your own, specific, individual landscape used in this project. This ‘self-photo’ can be taken by
someone else, or be presented separately as a ‘selfie’ photo, with at least some of the clearlyidentifiable
landscape features visible in it.
Moon Project NATS 1740: Astronomy
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Part 3: Observe the Moon
You will complete two separate sequences (TTN and NTN) of moon observations, to discover – and subsequently explain – any possible differences in the moon’s motion over different time scales (few hours vs. few days).
3A: Through The Night (TTN) Sequence
The TTN Sequence is for making and recording observations of the moon through the night, evening, or a morning, over a single 3-hour period. The complete TTN observing sequence needs to be done only once for full credit (but extras are always encouraged!). Complete and record four (4) observations of the moon, spanning at least 3 hours (from start to finish), separated by 1 hour each, over the course of one night (or morning or afternoon).
For example: on a particular night (say Monday), you observe the moon at 6pm, 7pm, 8pm, and 9pm to complete the TTN sequence, and record all these observations on the same single TTN landscape and TTN observing log.
3B: Night to Night (NTN) Sequence The NTN Sequence is for making and recording observations of the moon over several nights (or mornings or afternoons), at the same time of night (or morning or afternoon, depending on the current phase of the moon), within the same lunar (observing) cycle. There are two possible options to complete the NTN Sequence. Option 1: Complete and record one sequence of four (4) observations of the moon, on 4 separate nights (or mornings or afternoons), at the same time of day for all observations (within 5-10 minutes of each other).
For example: you observe the moon at 8pm on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday to complete the NTN sequence, and record all these observations on the same single NTN landscape and NTN observing log.
OR
Option 2: Complete and record two sequences (A and B) of 3 observations each, taken on 6 separate nights (or mornings or afternoons), such that the 3 observations in sequence A are all done at the same time, and the 3 observations in sequence B are all also done at the same time, but the time of observations between sequence A and B can be different.
For example: you observe the moon at 9pm on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday (sequence A), and then in a later part of its cycle at 7am on Wednesday, Friday, Sunday (sequence B); record all these observations on the same single NTN landscape.
Important Note for NTN observations:
They do NOT have be done on consecutive nights, but do have to be done at the SAME TIME OF DAY (even if there are ‘missing days’ between observations, due to bad weather, etc.)
Moon Project NATS 1740: Astronomy
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Part 4: Record the Observations
Recording of Observations on the Landscapes
Each sequence (TTN and NTN) of moon observations in the Landscapes should include:
• at least two (2) original photographs of the moon in your local landscape, ideally the first and second observation in the sequence. (No need for ‘fancy’ equipment or cameras; this can be taken even with your cellphone camera, as long as the moon’s light and position can be clearly seen in your own original landscape.) These should be submitted separately and in addition to the landscape photos contained all 4 moons super-imposed on them.
• indication (by hand-drawn mark, and/or inserted photo if taken yourself) of the moon’s accurate position in the sky relative to the landmarks in your landscape, labeled with its observation number corresponding to its entry in the observing log
• estimated separation of the ‘moons’ (horizontally and vertically) observed at different times/dates, using your particular ‘measuring tool’ (hand/fingers, ruler, etc). Any measurements (estimates) of moon’s motion and position must be ultimately expressed in degrees.
• estimated direction of the moon, and estimated altitude (or height above horizon) of the moon, using your particular ‘measuring tool’ (hand/fingers, ruler, etc).
• a dashed line connecting your observations from ‘start to finish’, showing direction of motion
Recording of Observations in the Observing Logs (see separate files posted with instructions)
Each recording of a moon observation in the appropriate Observing Log table should include:
• date and time of this particular observation
• more detailed appearance of the moon, showing its shape and orientation, completed either by hand-sketching or photographs (if taken yourself)
• any additional features observed close to the moon, such as bright stars or planets
• the weather conditions (cloud cover, temperature, etc)
The Weather: Friend or Foe?
All well-prepared astronomers need to track the weather on a regular basis, to make informed decisions on whether or not observations will be possible on any given night. T he following websites will be useful for tracking weather over Toronto; alternative locations are also possible.
Satellite and Radar Images:
http://www.theweathernetwork.com/maps/satellite-radar
http://weather.msfc.nasa.gov/GOES/goeseastconusir.html
Short-term and Long-term General Weather Forecasts:
http://weather.gc.ca/city/pages/on-143_metric_e.html
http://www.theweathernetwork.com/weather/caon0696/
Clear-Sky Forecast: http://cleardarksky.com/c/Torontokey.html
However, always keep in mind that these are forecasts (predictions), not certainties. The real weather can – and often does – change on short notice. Above all, always remember to GO OUTSIDE AND LOOK FOR YOURSELF!
Moon Project NATS 1740: Astronomy
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Made-up Observations
However, do resist the urge to become creative in making up observations based on where you think the moon should be and what it should look like, since this is a form of academic dishonesty. All observations flagged as ‘made up’ or ‘invalid’ will earn a grade of zero at the very minimum, and may serve as grounds for further official academic-dishonesty investigations.
Part 5: Answer the Questions
To complete the project, answer questions on lunar motion (as observed by you specifically for this project, and general patterns of moon’s motion in the Solar System) for each TTN and NTN sequences in Word documents. (See separate files posted with instructions.)

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Research Projject:
Science Reported in Media vs. Scholarly Sources
Goals of the Report
− to demonstrate that you are able to research diverse scientific aspects of astronomy
− to compare the quantity and quality of research as reported in popular media sources versus original scholarly research findings
− to communicate your research in a clear and concise manner, with proper English language grammar, demonstrating that you understand the topics presented
Topics of Research
Since astronomy is essentially the study of the whole universe, a wide variety of topics are suitable for this research project. The only topic-suitability requirement is that the scientific research in question is on a subject related to any of the topics studied in our course. as summarized in the Schedule document. The other article-nature requirement is that the research is of an observational nature (i.e. where quantifiable observations/measurements were taken), rather than of theoretical nature (i.e. where only computer models and/or theoretical models were studied, without observational measurements taken). These are very broad topic categories, to allow you the greatest flexibility in finding a suitable research article.
What to Submit
The complete research project will consist of:
• media article (filename: Media_Article) → submitted to the ‘The Rest’ assignment link
• scholarly article (filename: Scholarly_Article) → submitted to the ‘The Rest’ assignment link • your report comparing these two articles, in WORD FORMAT (or other word-editing format that was used to write it up; not pdf!) (filename: Report) → submitted to the ‘Report’ assignment link
How to Submit:
All three files are to be uploaded by the indicated due date in Moodle, in the appropriate submission links, with the proper file names as listed above. Written files should be submitted in MS Word (or other standard editing format. Media and scholarly articles must be attached as full files, in either .doc or .pdf format.
IMPORTANT DEADLINES:
Allowed Publication Date Range for Media Article:
March 7, 2020 – June 7, 2020
Project Due Date:
June 7, 2020
(Note: there is no publication date requirement on the original scholarly articles, although usually they are published in a timeframe close to the media article.)
Media articles used outside of your allowed date range will result in a grade of zero assigned to the media-article component of the project. Late project submissions will result in a 5%-per-day late penalty, up to 1 week from the original deadline.
NATS 1740: Astronomy SU 2020
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Stage 1: Read the ‘SPARK: Academic Integrity’ Resources
This project is to be completed independently by each student. Any academic integrity infractions found in reports will be strictly penalized, from zero on the entire report to any other appropriate penalties as outlined by York policies on academic integrity. Any kind of ‘copying and pasting’ (even if it is referenced) is discouraged – you are meant to conduct your own research and then write it up in your own words. Any copying between classmates will result in a penalty for all parties involved. Before commencing your research, you are required to read in its entirety the Academic Resources for students, posted on the SPARK (Student Papers and Academic Research Kit) website:
http://www.yorku.ca/spark/academic_integrity/index.html
Stage 2: Finding the Media Article
You must find an article from an acceptable newspaper or news magazine or other popular media news source that specifically describes the contents of a published scientific research experiment (of a physical/measurable/observable nature, and not theoretical modeling) on any of the appropriate research topics (see page 1). Note that websites which only ‘explain concepts’ in general (eg: How do rainbows form? How does light split into colours? etc) are NOT suitable for this project, as they are not analyzing newly published research.
For help with ideas about appropriate key words to use when searching the media sources, look to the general topics listed in the Schedule. Or, alternatively, you can also simply browse the most recent news stories posted at these media news sources, in the allowed date range, to find one on a suitable topic.
The following are some examples of acceptable media sources for this project:
Science News (sciencenews.org), Universal-Sci, Science News Online, Astronomy Magazine, Universe Today, Portal to the Universe, Science/AAAS, Nature, CBC News: Technology & Science, Scientific American, Popular Science, National Geographic News, Science and Technology for Canadians, Maclean’s Magazine, The Toronto Star, Globe and Mail; plus many others!
Media articles must be at least 800 words in length (though longer is better), and should focus on one primary original research experiment/study rather than discussing the results of many different experiments (and/or theoretical papers).
If you need help with determining the suitability of a particular media article, do NOT post the specific article title and/or web address in the Moodle forum. Instead, send an email (including your full name in it, as well as the URL to the actual article itself) to the following address: 1740researchprojecthelp@hotmail.ca (Make sure to keep a copy of your email for yourself as back up.) You can expect a response within 2 working days, provided in your original email you’ve also included this required information:
• When was this media article published? (if it’s not between March 7 – June 7, 2020 then it’s not suitable)
• How long is this article? (if it’s not at least 800 words of actual article text then it’s not suitable)
• Which of the major topic units – as listed in our Schedule – do you think it falls into?
• What is the original scholarly journal article on which this media article is reporting? (provide URL)
NATS 1740: Astronomy SU 2020
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(For all other questions about the project, post your general questions in the public Research Project discussion forum in Moodle, or private question by email to ns1870to@yorku.ca).
HELPFUL TIPS:
• The York library system allows you to search many newspapers and magazines online from its home page: http://www.library.yorku.ca/ (You’re not required to use York Library sources only, but instead – should the article you found come from a subscription-based journal for which York does have access, then you may find it helpful for obtaining it there.)
• Particularly helpful database to use in this research is the General Science Abstracts (via Wilson); search for its title on the York Library homepage
• The Steacie Science and Engineering Library is a whole library at York dedicated to science! (It even has real-life librarians who can help you, including remotely: https://www.library.yorku.ca/web/ask-services/ )
• Consult the following useful website from the York Library on how to find articles: http://researchguides.library.yorku.ca/journalarticles?hs=a
• You can easily make electronic copies of web pages by ‘printing’ them to a .pdf file, with a virtual pdf printer. There are many free programs available that can do this, such as the PrintFriendly web-based service: www.printfriendly.com
Stage 3: Finding the Scholarly Article
Having found the media article, you must now find the original (primary) scholarly article in which this research was first reported. The media article itself should mention the names of the researchers (who may or may not be the authors of the actual media article itself), the title of their original research article (as published in the scholarly journal), and where it was originally published. Note that as a York University student, your library privileges include subscription to an enormous database of journals that normally require a subscription fee. (If you need help with accessing paid-subscription journals with your York U. account, contact a librarian.) If you happened to choose an article from a journal to which York does not have a subscription, then you should look for a new article that is covered by a subscription, instead. You do not need to pay for any special-access articles for this project.
Stage 4: Your Report: Comparing the Science in Media and Scholarly Articles
After reading both the media and the scholarly article, you will now compare them in your own written report. To be complete, your report must address all of the following questions.
1. Complete the following identifier table:
Media Article
Research Article
Title of Article
Source of Article
Date of Publication
Was the research done by
NATS 1740: Astronomy SU 2020
Page 4 of 5
the author of the article?
Where are the Authors from (if information is available)?
Give the name and location of their place of work.
Note: the contents of this table do NOT count toward the final word/page count limit on your report.
2. Provide a précis (short summary) of each article in your own words. A good way to make sure you write the précis in your own words is to read the article a few times until you feel you understand its content as much as possible, and then put the article away and write the précis without looking at the article. Don’t forgot to articulate the significance of this particular discovery/experiment/study to the broader field of science it’s contributing to. Once you have written the précis, reread it and the article together to make sure you have not missed any important points. If your words seem much simpler than those of the article, so much the better!
3. Describe the structure or format of the article – how is the information presented to the reader? Is the article divided up into sections, and if so what are they? (This applies to both media and scholarly articles).
4. For the media article, how are the experimental results presented? (For example, is it just a general written description, are actual numbers reported, are there tables, graphs, statistics?)
5. Compare the general conclusions of the media article with the general conclusions of the research paper. Do they differ in any way, and if so, how?
6. Does either of the articles criticize the data, criticize the conclusions, provide alternate hypotheses or conclusions to explain the data? If so provide details.
7. Does one article provide criticism or alternate viewpoints that the other article fails to mention? If so, what are they? (For example, do the authors of the research article mention limitations of their research and conclusions that are left out of the media article?)
8. Does the title of the media article accurately reflect the content of both the media article and the research article? If not, provide details.
9. Has this exercise given you any insights into how scientific research is done and reported, or into how the media covers such research? What do you think is the main advantage and disadvantage of new scientific research being presented in media and scholarly articles? (Discuss at least 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage for each media and scholarly article.)
Format and Expectations of the Report
• This is NOT AN ESSAY; therefore, you do not need to have a thesis, or try to ‘prove’ or ‘disprove’ any argument(s). Instead, you are asked to report on the differences between science research as presented in popular media versus scholarly journals. Your report can simply answer each of the numbered items as they are presented above, in a numbered sequence. Do NOT include the text of the questions in your report; simply label each answer with the corresponding question number only.
NATS 1740: Astronomy SU 2020
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• The report should be about 1,500 – 2,000 words, of standard font 12 text, single-spaced.
• There is no particular preferred style of citation that has to be used, as long as your style is consistent. You will use only 2 sources in your report, so citation of them should be quite straightforward.
• Quoting of the articles themselves should be kept to a minimum, and is NOT to be used as ‘content substitute’ of your report (even if it is cited). Your report should consist mostly of your own writing.
• The report should be written with proper English grammar; have your report proofread by someone else who is not in your class (such as your family or friends), especially if English is not your first language.
TurnItIn Submission
Note that your report will be submitted through the Turnitin assignment tool in Moodle, to review it for any instances of possible plagiarism. In order to help you learn from such situations first, the originality report on your submission will be made available to you also, after your first submission. You may re-write and re-submit your report as many times as needed, up to the project deadline, ensuring that your own original written work is the final version submitted for formal evaluation.
Help – Academic Writing
Academic Writing Guide (at the York University Library)
http://researchguides.library.yorku.ca/awg
Writing Centre at York University (offering individual writing instruction/tutoring) http://www.yorku.ca/laps/writ/centre/
SPARK: Student Papers & Academic Research Kit http://www.yorku.ca/spark/
Help – General Workshops
Check the York Events page to search for any relevant workshops coming up soon:
http://www.yorku.ca/yuevents/index.asp
Visit the Learning Skills section of the CDC website (including workshops):
http://lss.info.yorku.ca/

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You will write a scientific report on the following:
1) an astronomical object (such as a: planet, comet, star, galaxy, dead star, etc.) or
Report Due Date: Friday Nov. 4, 2022, 11:59 PM
A late deduction of 1 mark (out of 20) per day will be applied to late submissions.
Sections in your Report

1) Astronomical Object

If your chosen topic will be an astronomical object, then break your report down into the following sections using these exact headings:
I. Introduction – Introduce your object briefly and creatively. Do not summarize what you will discuss.
II. History – Was the object discovered by a particular person(s)? If so, When? How? Is this object difficult to observe? Why?
III. Known Features and Characteristics – What are some interesting aspects about your chosen object? Rather than listing facts, discuss how these features and characteristics originated.
IV. Unanswered Questions – What are some important details not yet known about the
object? Why is it that we don’t know the answers to these questions?
V. Conclusion – Don’t summarize your report here; just bring your topic to a close as
creatively as you can.
NOTE:
The report will be submitted in D2L as a Word or PDF document any time before the due date. It will be between 1000 – 1200 words long (excluding the References page). For every 20 words over the 1200 word limit, 1 mark (out of 20) will be deducted.
Things to Also Include With Your Report:
Title
Include a title for your report indicating what it is that you will be discussing. You do not need a title
page.

Referencing

References can be used from any reliable sources. The following are some recommended sources:
Nature, Science, Scientific American, National Geographic, Sky & Telescope, Discover, Smithsonian,
American Institute for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Astronomical Journal
Do NOT use the class notes, class textbook, Wikipedia, or any other websites ending with *pedia.
Ensure that any source you use from the internet is reliable.
Scientific Referencing is required in AIP (American Institute of Physics) style, whereby ONLY integers are
used in the Report text: a superscript number matching the reference list number. See this example
link for how to reference in your report. https://physics.gac.edu/~huber/misc/aiprefs.htm
The reference list is at the end of your report and you must have at least three different properlypresented
sources/references/citations.
Turnitin will automatically scan your report once you upload to D2L. Avoid quotes and ensure you write
in your own words. The Turnitin percentage match must be less than 35%.

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Solve by using the Galerkin method for the displacement in the given tapered spar beam used to model an aircraft wing. Geometry:
Material:
Aluminum alloy 7075-T6.
Loading condition:
Load is a line pressure acted on the upper flange downward. The pointwise magnitudes are given in the table below.
60 mm
200 mm
4200 mm
30 mm
1.5 mm
t=2 mm
Distance from the support (mm)
Load (N)
0
1100
250
1220
500
1380
800
1520
1250
1640
1550
1490
1900
1370
2200
1280
2600
1210
3000
990
3250
870
3600
650
3950
410
4200
120
Solution condition:
(1)Consider the body as one-dimensional body with the governing equations assimple bending analysis.
(2)Use the loading condition as a distributed load. The loading function in termsof the axial coordinates can be derived by a proper curve fitting analysis.
(3)Use at least two basis functions. (Using three basis functions is preferable.)
(4)Basis functions can be chosen as polynomial (or trigonometric) terms.
(5)Use at least one field area (two or more will be preferable).
Verification:
(1)By Euler-Bernoulli beam theory analysis.
(2)Using beam finite element analysis in ANSYS Workbench software.
Results to be presented:
(1)Formulation of the problem.
(2)Comparing deflection function by the three methods.
(3)Discussion on the accuracy of the approaches.

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TEST PROGRAM IN LOGIXPRO AND MAKE VIDEO OF PROCESS

 
Develop parking garage


 
College of Engineering and Information Sciences
 
 
Objectives
• Design and Develop a parking management system
• Develop a counter mechanism for quantity of cars in the parking lot
• Develop logic for status conditions of the system
Project description in your own words 
This project is a parking management system, the objective of the system is to indicate the number of vehicles present at the parking at any given time therefore providing a staus on whether the parking is full or almost full or empty. The management takes place at the entry and exit of the parking as this is the point vehicles enter or leave the area being monitored. 
Describe your strategy for a solution to the project. What needs to be done? Please provide a flow chart, a bulleted list, or a table to describe your strategy
To start or stop the process a NO push button is pressed and to stop a normally closed push button is pressed
In addition a counter needs to be used to monitor the number of vehicles currently in the parking at any given point. The data from this counter will also be used to control the status lights i.e. red when completely full, yellow when almost full, and green when many parking spaces are available. The status lights will be activated using an AND/OR gate in the system
The process will be as follows

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